Things You Need to Know For the Upcoming Civics Exam

 Branches of Philosophy Power Point     <<<<<< Link

You will need to know the definitions and descriptions of the five branches of philosophy.  You will also need to know the questions they attempt to find answers to

The Difference Between Authoritarian Government and a Representative Liberal Democracy  << Link

Unitary, Federal, and Confederation Systems of Government  <<<<<< Link

Know how governing power is distributed in the three types of government forms: unitary, federal, and confederation.

Authoritarian vs. Representative Liberal Democracies

 

Unitary, Federal, and Confederations Systems

 
Unitary governments, federations, and confederations are types of governments that can be found operating in the world today. Each is a potentially successful means of structuring a state. What separates them is the role of the central government within the state.
 
Unitary System
In a unitary system of government, the central government holds most of the power. The unitary state still has local and regional governmental offices, but these are under the auspices of the central government. The United Kingdom is one example of a unitary nation. Parliament holds the governing power in the U.K., granting power to and removing it from the local governments when it sees fit. France is also a unitary government. The national government rules over the various provinces or departments. These local bodies carry out the directions of the central government, but never act independently.

1) How is power distributed in a unitary system?
 
Federalist System
Federalism is marked by a sharing of power between the central government and state, provincial or local governing bodies. The United States is one example of a federalist republic. The U. S. Constitution grants specific powers to the national government while retaining other powers for the states. For example, the federal government can negotiate treaties with other countries while state and local authorities cannot. State governments have the power to set and enforce driving laws while the federal government lacks that ability. Modern Germany is also a federalist republic. The national government shares power with provincial political entities, known as “Länder.”

2) How is power divided in a federal system?
 
Confederations
A confederation has a weak central authority that derives all its powers from the state or provincial governments. The states of a confederation retain all the powers of an independent nation, such as the right to maintain a military force, print money, and make treaties with other national powers. The United States began its nationhood as a confederate state, under the Articles of Confederation. However, the central government was too weak to sustain the burgeoning country. Therefore, the founding fathers shifted to a federal system when drafting the Constitution. A contemporary example of a confederation is the Commonwealth of Independent States, which is comprised of several nations that were formerly part of the Soviet Union. These nations formed a loose partnership to enable them to form a stronger national body than each individual state could maintain.
 

3) List the features of a confederation.

4) In the history of the United States, which systems were used for a national government?

Advantages and Disadvantages
One has only to look at the advantages and disadvantages of each system to see the greatest differences among them. In a unitary system, laws and policies throughout the state are uniform, laws are more easily passed since they need only be approved by the central government, and laws are rarely contradictory since there is only one body making those laws. There are disadvantages of this type of government. The central government may lose touch with or control over a distant province or too much power in the central authority could result in tyranny. In a federal system, a degree of autonomy is given to the individual states while maintaining a strong central authority and the possibility of tyranny is very low. Federal systems still have their share of power struggles, such as those seen in the American Civil War. Confederate governments are focused on the needs of the people in each state, the government tends to be more in touch with its citizenry, and tyranny is almost impossible. Unfortunately, confederations often break apart due to internal power struggles and lack the resources of a strong centralized government.

5) Of the three types of systems, which gives the greatest amount of power to the central government?

6)  List the advantages and disadvantages for each of the following:

     6a) unitary

     6b) confederation

     6c) federal

Intro Economics Power Point

 

Authoritarian Governance vs. Liberal Democratic Governance

 

Branches of Philosophy

A philosophy is a set of ideas that attempts to answer BIG questions as a means of understanding the nature of broad (or large) areas of study.

small question: Who is the best Hip Hop artist of today?

BIG QUESTION: Why do some people like/ not like Hip Hop?

BIGGER QUESTION: Is Hip Hop art?

BIGGEST QUESTION: What is art?

Philosophy asks BIG questions in several areas or topics. 

The areas in which these BIG questions are asked are called "branches".

Some of the Branches of Philosophy

Metaphysics

Epistemology

Ethics

Aesthetics

Political Philosophy

Metaphysics- seeks to find answers to questions about nature and the characteristics of the 

things we experience through our senses.

     Examples of questions in the area of metaphysics:

          - What is quantity?

          - Is everything we experience real?

          - Does nature operate according to a set of laws?

Epistemology - seeks answers about knowledge and our ability to

gain knowledge.

     Examples of questions in the area of epistemology:

          - How do we know what we know?

          - Are we born with knowledge?

          - How can we know if something is true or false?

          - What is the best way to know something?

Ethics - answers questions about how humans should behave as

well as defining the meaning of "good" and "bad" behavior.

     Examples of questions in the area of ethics:

          - How should people behave?

          - How do we put into practice those things we think to be

             "right"?

          - Is trust necessary for a society to function properly?

Aesthetics - answers questions about the characteristics of beauty,

art, and what appeals to people (taste).

     Examples of questions in the area of aesthetics:

          - What is beauty?

          - Can something be "not beautiful" and "not ugly" at the same

             time? If so, then what is it?

          - Why are tastes different from person to person?

Political Philosophy - answers questions about the role government 

plays in society.

     Examples of questions in the area of political philosophy:

          - What is the best form of government?

          - What is the relationship between the individual and 

            government?

          - How much power should government have?

You are taking a civics class.  In this class, you will study how

American government was designed, why it was designed a certain

way, the ideas used to design it, and the proper role of citizens 

within American government.

Civics is the study of the way in which a government works, and

the rights and duties of citizens.

What branch of philosophy does civics fall under? 

wisdom - the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment; the quality of being wise.

The term “philosophy” is built off two Greek words, “philo” which means love, and “sophia” which mean wisdom; and so the term means “love of wisdom”.   A philosophy however is not necessarily wisdom.  Philosophy, like wisdom, is built off knowledge and knowledge is built off experience. The combination of knowledge and experience allows people to identify patterns in life. The use those patterns as a way of understanding reality, is the use of a philosophy.  Philosophers will use a knowledge of history (which are the experiences of mankind during a long period of time) to find patterns, and after identifying those patterns (pattern recognition), he records them for use in understanding society.

1) What is philosophy concerned with?

2) A term used to label an area in which philosophy asks questions is known as?

3) What are the branches of philosophy?

4) What types of answers are sought in the following branches of philosophy?

     - metaphysics

     - epistemology

     - ethics

     - aesthetics

     - political philosophy

5) What is civics?

6) What does civics study?

7) Under what branch of philosophy does civics fall?

Iran Conflict Videos

 Fractional Distillation

Crude Oil Fractions

How Oil Prices Really Work

The Strait of Hormuz Explained

Why the Red Sea is so Important

Iran War: The Context Explained

NOTE: YOUR EXAM IN THE IRAN CONFLICT AND ITS BACKGROUND WILL BE ON TUESDAY!

NOTE: YOUR EXAM IN THE IRAN CONFLICT AND ITS BACKGROUND WILL BE ON TUESDAY!

Instructions: Use the video “Iran War: The Context Explained to answer the following questions.  Answer the questions on a sheet of paper; write in your own handwriting; follow the rules of the English Language

 NOTE: YOUR EXAM IN THE IRAN CONFLICT AND ITS BACKGROUND WILL BE ON TUESDAY!

1) How did Ayatollah Khomeini become Supreme Leader of Iran?  
2) What is the Iranian Hostage Crisis and how long did it last? 
3) How did the Iranian Hostage Crisis affect relations between the Iranian government and the United States?  
4) What is the cause of the current conflict between Iran and the United States?  
5) What is the Iran Nuclear Deal (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action – JCPOA)? 
6) What did President Donald Trump do with the Iran Nuclear Deal when he became president in 2016? 
7) What did Iran start doing after the United States pulled out of the Iran Nuclear Deal (JCPOA)? 
8) What is Donald Trump’s main motivation for beginning the current conflict with Iran?  
9) What Iran-backed groups (military proxies) did Israel go to war against?  

9a) What event caused Israel to go to war against the Iran-backed groups (military proxies) you listed in question #9?  
10) Why did Israel invade Gaza?  
11) Who/ what was targeted by “Operation Grim Beeper”?  
12) What was “Operation Grim Beeper”? 
13) How did Israel kill Hezbollah’s leadership?  

14) What did Israel bomb during the 12 Day War?  
15) What did the United States bomb in its participation in the 12 Day War?  
16) What is “Operation Roaring Lion”?  
17) What is “Operation Epic Fury”?