Link To Remediation/ Extra Credit Assignment

Extra Credit Assigment 

American Revolution Outline

 

I) The American Revolution

A) The French and Indian War: British Policy Before and After

  1) 13 Colonies enjoyed self-government

    a) Disregarded Navigation Acts

        i) British laws that restricted colonial industry

       ii) discouraged trade with all countries except Britain

2) French and Indian War put Britain into debt.

  a) British government compelled/ forced colonies to bear war’s cost; vigorous enforcement of Navigation Acts

       i) Combatted colonial smugglers

      ii) Colonists taxed on imported goods and printed materials (Stamp Tax)

  b) Britain’s post-war policy included violating rights colonists had as British citizens

      i) Colonial smugglers faced unlimited searches of residences

     ii) Colonial smugglers denied jury trials

    iii) Often, British soldiers stationed in the colonies were quartered in the homes of colonists.

 B) Colonists Resist Stricter Enforcement of Navigation Acts

   1) Smuggled goods to evade taxes

   2) Demonstrated against British soldiers

   3) Organized committees to coordinate efforts to protest British government

   4) Spoke out against British colonial policy

   5) Boston Tea Party

      a) Massachusetts colonists protesting an import tax dumped tea of British merchants into Boston Harbor

          i) Parliament punished Massachusetts by restricting Massachusetts self-government and closed Boston Harbor

         ii) Colonies rally to support Massachusetts by uniting and forming the First Continental Congress

         iii) Colonial Minutemen fire upon British troops sent to seize colonial military supplies and leaders; beginning of American Revolution

C) Causes of the American Revolution: Economic, Political, Social, Geographic

     1) Economic

          a) Colonial manufacturers and merchants angered at British laws that hampered their industry and trade

          b) Plantation owners and frontier settlers disliked British law that forbade settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains

          c) Professional people opposed the Stamp Tax

          d) Colonial consumers resented taxes which raised cost of living

      2)Political

          a) Colonists maintained they could only be taxed by their colonial legislatures.

               i) Considered taxes voted by Parliament as “taxation without representation

          b) Colonists deprived of their rights as Englishmen

               i) Quartering of British soldiers

               ii) Unlimited searches of private businesses

               iii) Denial of jury trials

               iv) Colonists compared themselves with those who revolted against the tyranny of the Stuarts (James I, Charles I, James II)

      3) Social

          a) Many colonists of English stock no longer considered themselves to be English

               i) Several generations in the New World transformed them into Americans

         b) Non-English colonists were from countries hostile to Great Britain

 

D) Declaring Independence and Forming a New Country

     1) In 1776 the Second Continental Congress decided the colonies were fighting for independence from Britain.

          a) Colonial patriots  hoped declaring independence might secure foreign allies

     2) Declaration of Independence

          a) Written chiefly by Thomas Jefferson

          b) Based on ideas of English philosopher John Locke

1) In its attempts to enforce the Navigation Acts, Britain violated the rights of the British colonists. List the rights that were violated.

2) What things did the British colonists do to resist Britain's strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts?

3) When did the Thirteen British Colonies declare independence.

4) What is the document that explained the reasons for which the Thirteen British Colonies left the British Empire and formed their own country?

     4a) Who wrote that document?

     4b) Whose ideas were used in creating that document?

Branches of Philosophy

A philosophy is a set of ideas that attempts to answer BIG questions as a means of understanding the nature of broad (or large) areas of study.

small question: Who is the best Hip Hop artist of today?

BIG QUESTION: Why do some people like/ not like Hip Hop?

BIGGER QUESTION: Is Hip Hop art?

BIGGEST QUESTION: What is art?

Philosophy asks BIG questions in several areas or topics. 

The areas in which these BIG questions are asked are called "branches".

Some of the Branches of Philosophy

Metaphysics

Epistemology

Ethics

Aesthetics

Political Philosophy

Metaphysics- seeks to find answers to questions about nature and the characteristics of the 

things we experience through our senses.

     Examples of questions in the area of metaphysics:

          - What is quantity?

          - Is everything we experience real?

          - Does nature operate according to a set of laws?

Epistemology - seeks answers about knowledge and our ability to

gain knowledge.

     Examples of questions in the area of epistemology:

          - How do we know what we know?

          - Are we born with knowledge?

          - How can we know if something is true or false?

          - What is the best way to know something?

Ethics - answers questions about how humans should behave as

well as defining the meaning of "good" and "bad" behavior.

     Examples of questions in the area of ethics:

          - How should people behave?

          - How do we put into practice those things we think to be

             "right"?

          - Is trust necessary for a society to function properly?

Aesthetics - answers questions about the characteristics of beauty,

art, and what appeals to people (taste).

     Examples of questions in the area of aesthetics:

          - What is beauty?

          - Can something be "not beautiful" and "not ugly" at the same

             time? If so, then what is it?

          - Why are tastes different from person to person?

Political Philosophy - answers questions about the role government 

plays in society.

     Examples of questions in the area of political philosophy:

          - What is the best form of government?

          - What is the relationship between the individual and 

            government?

          - How much power should government have?

You are taking a civics class.  In this class, you will study how

American government was designed, why it was designed a certain

way, the ideas used to design it, and the proper role of citizens 

within American government.

Civics is the study of the way in which a government works, and

the rights and duties of citizens.

What branch of philosophy does civics fall under? 

wisdom - the quality of having experience, knowledge, and good judgment; the quality of being wise.

The term “philosophy” is built off two Greek words, “philo” which means love, and “sophia” which mean wisdom; and so the term means “love of wisdom”.   A philosophy however is not necessarily wisdom.  Philosophy, like wisdom, is built off knowledge and knowledge is built off experience. The combination of knowledge and experience allows people to identify patterns in life. The use those patterns as a way of understanding reality, is the use of a philosophy.  Philosophers will use a knowledge of history (which are the experiences of mankind during a long period of time) to find patterns, and after identifying those patterns (pattern recognition), he records them for use in understanding society.

1) What is philosophy concerned with?

2) A term used to label an area in which philosophy asks questions is known as?

3) What are the branches of philosophy?

4) What types of answers are sought in the following branches of philosophy?

     - metaphysics

     - epistemology

     - ethics

     - aesthetics

     - political philosophy

5) What is civics?

6) What does civics study?

7) Under what branch of philosophy does civics fall?

Federalists and the Antifederalists

 

     Those in favor of the Constitution as written were called Federalists.  They believed that a strong central government was needed.  Under such a government, they thought, the new nation would grow wealthier, more stable, and more respected.

      Many of the Federalists were well-to-do business leaders, landowners, and professionals.  Three of their leaders – Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay – wrote a number of newspaper articles.  In these articles, later published together as The Federalist, the authors urged that the Constitution be ratified.

    Opponents of the Constitution were called Anti-Federalists.  They feared a strong central government.  Instead, they preferred to leave most powers in the hands of the states.  If there were going to be a new constitution, they said, then it should state clearly that personal freedoms were to be protected.

      Anti-Federalists won the support of many poorer Americans, including farmers, laborers, and debtors.  Some people of wealth and high social position also were Anti-Federalists.  Among the Anti-Federalist leaders, Patrick Henry, John Hancock, and Samuel Adams stood out.  These men were articulate and forceful in criticizing the Constitution.

*****************

     One of the great debates in American history was over the ratification of the Constitution in 1787-1788. Those who supported the Constitution and a stronger national republic were known as Federalists. Those who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in favor of small localized government were known as Anti-Federalists. Both the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists were concerned with the preservation of liberty, however, they disagreed over whether or not a strong national government would preserve or eventually destroy the liberty of the American people.

      The Anti-Federalists argued against the expansion of national power. They favored small localized governments with limited national authority as was exercised under the Articles of Confederation. They generally believed a republican government was only possible on the state level and would not work on the national level. Therefore, only a confederacy of the individual states could protect the nation’s liberty and freedom. Another, and perhaps their most well-known concern, was over the lack of a bill of rights. Most Anti-Federalists feared that without a bill of rights, the Constitution would not be able to sufficiently protect the rights of individuals and the states. Perhaps the strongest voice for this concern was that of George Mason. He believed that state bills of right would be overridden by the new constitution, and not stand as adequate protections for citizens’ rights. It was this concern that ultimately led to the passing of the bill of rights as a condition for ratification in New York, Virginia, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and North Carolina.

      The Federalists, primarily led by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, believed that establishing a large national government was not only possible, but necessary to “create a more perfect union” by improving the relationship among the states. Until this point, the common belief was that a republic could only function efficiently it was small and localized. The Federalists challenged this belief and claimed that a strong national republic would better preserve the individual liberties of the people. By extending the sphere of the republic, individual and minority rights would be better protected from infringement by a majority. The federalists also wanted to preserve the sovereignty and structure of the states. To do so, they advocated for a federal government with specific, delegated powers. Any power not given to the federal government would be a power held by the people and the states. Ultimately, their goal was to preserve the principle of government by consent. By building a government upon a foundation of popular sovereignty, without sacrificing the sovereignty of the states, legitimacy of the new government could be secured.

 

1) If you could say the Federalists represented the voice of a social/ economic class (upper class, middle class, the working class), which would they represent?

 2) If you could say the Anti- Federalists represented the voice of a social/ economic class (upper class, middle class, the working class), which would they represent?

 3) Where did the Anti-Federalists want most of governing power to remain or remain?

 4) What did the Federalists and Anti-Federalists agree on?

 5) What did the Federalists and Anti-Federalists disagree on?

 6) What type of change to the Constitution did the Anti-Federalists force?

Bill of Rights

 Identify and memorize the main idea of the all the amendments of the Bill of Rights.  You will be quizzed on this.  You will have to know which amendments are either positive or negative as well as being either a right of conscience, a right of the accused, or a right of property.

First Amendment
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Second Amendment
A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

Third Amendment
No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Fourth Amendment
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Fifth Amendment
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Sixth Amendment
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

Seventh Amendment
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Eighth Amendment
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Ninth Amendment
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Tenth Amendment
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

Executive Branch Departments and Their Functions

 

Civic Exam Review (with review questions): Follow the Links

 Self Government in the Thirteen Colonies

The Declaration of Independence

The Great Compromise/ The Connecticut Plan

The Three-Fifths Compromise